International Environmental Legal Regimes


[IWC] [CITES] [Montreal Protocol] [Ramsar Convention] [Rio Declaration] [Brundtland Commission] [UNCLOS] [Conventions on Polar Bears, Seals, and Fisheries] [IMO]

  • International Environment: Current Major Global Treaties summary via the Congressional Research Service
  • Major International Environmental Agreements via Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, DOS.



    International Whaling Commission (IWC)

  • IWC: History and Purpose, Membership, Secretariat, Meetings and Procedures, Conservation and Management, Scientific Research, Dolphins and Porpoises, and Scientific Publications
  • International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (1946) via Tufts
  • Whale Conservation and Whaling Report Congressional Research Service Report 97-588
  • Pelly Amendment
  • U.S. Whaling Convention Act of 1949
  • A Whaling People: Makah The Makah Hunt for Tradition and Memories of Whaling by Paula Bock, The Seattle Times Magazine, November 26, 1995

    The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

  • The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species: Its Past and Future via CRS
  • CITES
  • as amended 1979, and provisionally at Gaborone 30 Apr 1983. With Appendices (I and II, 16 Apr 93; III, 11 Jun 92)
  • Biodiversity and Conservation via Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, DOS.

    Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

  • Montreal Protocol via UNEP
  • Montreal Protocol via UNEP Ozone Secretary
  • Montreal Protocol via Pace
  • Montreal Protocol via Greenpeace
  • Montreal Protocol 1990 London Amendment via ENTRI
  • Montreal Protocol 1992 Copenheagen Amendment via ENTRI
  • Stratospheric Ozone and Human Health via CIESIN
  • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) via UNEP
  • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) via ENTRI
  • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) via Greenpeace
  • UNEP Ozone Treaties
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
  • Climate Change and Ozone Layer via Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, DOS.

    The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

  • Ramsar Convention
  • Ramsar in the U.S. via the USFWS's International Affairs
  • Canada and the Ramsar Convention a very good review site.
  • Ramsar (82 amendments) Protocol to Amend the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
  • Biodiversity and Conservation via Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, DOS.

    Earth Summit/Rio Declaration/Agenda 21

  • What was the Earth Summit?
  • UN Earth Summit+5
  • The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992)
  • The 5 Rio Documents Rio produced two international agreements, two statements of principles and a major action agenda on world wide sustainable development.
  • Rio Cluster The following United Nations proceedings -- that can be loosely described as the Rio Cluster -- are all focussed in one way or other on issues of sustainability. The links on this page will connect you to available on-line information concerning these United Nations proceedings.
  • Agenda 21 Agenda 21 explains that population, consumption and technology are the primary driving forces of environmental change. It lays out what needs to be done to reduce wasteful and inefficient consumption patterns in some parts of the world while encouraging increased but sustainable development in others.
  • United Nations Conference on Environment & Development - Agenda 21
  • Protection of the Oceans, Agenda 21, Chapter 17 via CRS
  • Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) via UNEP
  • Biodiversity and Conservation via Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, DOS.

    The World Commission on Environment and Development (a.k.a. Brundtland Commission) and Sustainable Development

  • Intro to "Our Common Future" report from the Brundtland Commission.
  • Brundtland Annex I and II Summary of Proposed Legal Principles for Environmental Protection And Sustainable Development Adopted by the WCED Experts Group on Environmental Law, and The Commission And Its Work.
  • The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
  • Sustainable Development via Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, DOS.
  • What Does Sustainable Development Mean?
  • Sustainable Development Timeline
  • Linkages A multimedia resource for environment and development policy makers via the International Institute for Standards Development (Canada)
  • United Nations Development Programme on the Environment
  • United Nations Environmental Programme
  • UNEP's offshore developement
  • UN's Food and Agriculture Organization
  • UN's FAO Fisheries note Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
  • International Year of the Ocean Get Into It!

    United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea

  • Oceans and Law of the Sea UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
  • UNCLOS I via Cornell
  • UNCLOS I via Pace
  • UNCLOS III via Pace
  • UNCLOS III via ENTRI
  • Ocean Policy and Law of the Sea via Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, DOS.
  • The Law of the Sea Convention via Congressional Research Service
  • The Law of the Sea Convention and U.S. Policy Report via CRS
  • Law of the Sea; The International Seabed Authority - Its Status and U.S. Participation Therein Report via CRS
  • Straddling Stocks via Tufts
  • Straddling Stocks via UN
  • Council on Ocean Law A must see! Very nice links to Conventions, US Positions, Commentary, Resources (Govnt & NGO), Issues etc...

    Conventions on Polar Bears, Seals, and Fisheries

  • Fisheries and Marine Conservation via Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, DOS. Also contains info. on Sea Turtles and Dolphin
  • Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972) via IAC
  • Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears (1973) via Tufts
  • Fisheries Convention via Tufts
  • Agreement Concerning Cooperation in Marine Fishing via ENTRI
  • International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas via ENTRI
  • Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean via ENTRI
  • Convention for the Prohibition of Fishing with Long Driftnets in the South Pacific via ENTRI
  • International Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean via ENTRI
  • Agreements to Promote Fishery Conservation and Management in International Waters via CRS
  • International Marine Fisheries via CRS
  • Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the NE Atlantic Fisheries (1980) via Cornell


    International Maritime Organization

  • IMO The ISM Code, About IMO, Conventions, Briefings, Focus, Meetings, News, links, library, and pubs catalogue
  • International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73) via ENTRI
  • International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 78) via ENTRI
  • Marine Pollution Report via Congressional Research Service
  • Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes via Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, DOS.
  • Marine Pollution: Summaries of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL), 1954; Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (LDC), 1972; International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78); International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION), 1969; International Convention on Oill Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC),1990
  • Protocol Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Pollution by Substances other than Oil via ENTRI
  • International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
  • Marine Safety: Summaries of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1960 and 1974; International Convention on Load Lines (LL), 1966; Special Trade Passenger Ships Agreement (STP), 1971; International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), 1972 ; International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972; Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), 1976; The Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels (SFV), 1977 ; International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978; International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 1979; International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel (STCW-F), 1995
  • International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) amendments to enter into force on 1 February
  • Bibliography on the International Convention on STCW
  • Liability and compensation: Summaries of the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1969; International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND), 1971; Convention relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Materials (NUCLEAR), 1971; Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea (PAL), 1974; Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC), 1976; International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 1996
  • International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 1996 via ITL
  • Carriage of Hazardous Cargoes by Sea -- The HNS Convention (Introduction) by Peter Wetterstein
  • HNS Convention summary via Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development
  • Intro and downloads: MARPOL 73/78; SOLAS
  • The International Safety Management (ISM) Code
  • ISM Code becomes mandatory




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